1. Contrast the techniques used by each product to communicate its messages?
Both media text use different techniques to convey immediacy and the level of urgency. Product one use fast pace editing and a speedy voice over where as product two use hand held shaky camera work.Both these techniques suggests the importance of the message they are trying to pass to the audiences who are trying to apprehend the text. The shaky camera work in product two is trying to show the hyper reality and authenticity of this problem at St Pauls Cathedral.
2. How can audiences use YouTube and other social media sites to create their own identity?
each social media site (eg insta) gives opportunity from their audiences to give a 'bio' a little bit of information where they have the freedom to express anything about themselves. Furthermore there is also a display picture so the consumers can create their own identity, where people wont judge them. However the extent to which the identity they create is theirs is questioned. it can be argued that although we think we live in a pluralist society we have freedom to express our views but we don't. In my opinion these mainstream ideologies are created, making norms that consumers have to follow, e.g putting their best picture of themselves as their display picture.
3. How has new technology changed the way individuals and groups can challenge dominate and hegemonic ideologies?
New technology allows audiences to download apps that would allow them to comment and express their opinions.this freedom of speech This would allow audiences to go against hegemonic and dominate ideologies. An example of this is the twitter silence for women to express their feminism campaign on twitter. This actually had an impact on twitter challenging the hegemonic ideologies as it shows individuals challenging norms and values set by society.
MEST4 Coursework
Wednesday, 4 May 2016
Wednesday, 27 April 2016
Corrections (1)
How do the two text use narrative techniques to draw the attention of an audience?
However in Waterloo road the editing is a bit more radical and fast, to make the character Gabriella appear more mysterious, which is essential in creating chracter according to Propp. Barthes enigma and action codes can be applied here. The enigma code is when the headteacher talks about the new student arriving, which makes the audiences wonder who this new student can be. There is a further engima code of the car puilloiing up and the editing really compliments the mystery that is being created as there are cuts to different parts of the characters body.
How are does the media offer contrasting representing of school?
According to the post colonialism theory, the white are dominant and superior and ethnic minorities are uncivil. However, these two tests contradicts that. Waterloo Rd with white upper class women is presented as uncivil as her solution to removing her lipstick was to kiss a random boy. An Educating Yorkshire, with an ethnic minority boy, is shown taking advantage of a school and overcoming his fears to become successful.
How has social media changed the way audiences watch TV?
The popularity of social media has turned many broadcasting companies to turn towards social media. Many news broadcasts such as the BBC has social media pages such as Twitter, Facebook and even Snapchat. This allows audiences to communicate and have their own opinion making the audiences and broadcasts interconnected.
However in Waterloo road the editing is a bit more radical and fast, to make the character Gabriella appear more mysterious, which is essential in creating chracter according to Propp. Barthes enigma and action codes can be applied here. The enigma code is when the headteacher talks about the new student arriving, which makes the audiences wonder who this new student can be. There is a further engima code of the car puilloiing up and the editing really compliments the mystery that is being created as there are cuts to different parts of the characters body.
How are does the media offer contrasting representing of school?
According to the post colonialism theory, the white are dominant and superior and ethnic minorities are uncivil. However, these two tests contradicts that. Waterloo Rd with white upper class women is presented as uncivil as her solution to removing her lipstick was to kiss a random boy. An Educating Yorkshire, with an ethnic minority boy, is shown taking advantage of a school and overcoming his fears to become successful.
How has social media changed the way audiences watch TV?
The popularity of social media has turned many broadcasting companies to turn towards social media. Many news broadcasts such as the BBC has social media pages such as Twitter, Facebook and even Snapchat. This allows audiences to communicate and have their own opinion making the audiences and broadcasts interconnected.
Friday, 15 April 2016
Samsam Abdikadir
3278 words
“yo dre, I have something to say”[1]
How and why does
the representation of black youths differ to the representation of the older
black generation in contemporary historical dramas such as ‘The Butler’ and
‘Straight Outta Compton’?
African Americans
have had a long and somewhat complex history in the film industry. The
migration of African Americans from rural areas in the south to more urban
regions between the 1910s and 1940s shifted the racial landscape, and
mainstream Hollywood began to reflect this demographic change in its films[2].
In addition African Americans were thought of as a "race that generated
terror"[3]
causing the representation of African Americans in the media to become a major
concern. It can be argued that black youths are represented as more violent and
reckless whereas the older generations are presented as wise, which is
particularly evident in the contemporary historical dramas ‘The Butler’ (2013)[4]
and ‘Straight Outta Compton’(2015)[5].
‘The Butler’ is a historical drama inspired by true events between 1940 to 2008
on real events and people during the 34-38th presidential reign[6].
The main ideology present in this film is the impact that all those social
conflicts had on American culture at that time. Whereas, ‘Straight Outta
Compton’ is a historical drama based on five youths in 1988, about the rise of
a controversial California hip hop group[7],
'Niggars With Attitude'. The main ideology presented is the power of music in
allowing the insignificant black youths voices to be heard. The film borrows
its title from the name of their debut album and title track. There are some
positive representations of the youths in this film being successful and
independent, but the extent to which the negatives outweigh the positives is
questionable.
The institution
behind the distribution of The Butler is The Weinstein Company[8];
an independent American film studio[9]
that is also the producer of 'The King’s Speech'(2013) and 'Silver Linings Play
Book'(2012); suggesting that this institution is influenced in distributing
films that make audiences create insight on the kind of society we lived in.
Whether, it's from the eyes of mental patients, a king with a speech impediment
or an average black household during a socially significant historical period in
time. The Weinstein Company encourages audiences to formulate opinions and
educate them on different aspects in society. However, ‘Straight Outta Compton’
is distributed by ‘Universal Pictures’ which are part of Hollywood's "Big
Six"[10]
film studios. Mostly being associated with successful films targeted at younger
audiences such as the 'Fast and Furious' (2001-2015) franchise, 'Legend'(2015)
and 'Pitch Perfect'(2012). According to Richard Dyer “audiences are the essence
of representation”[11].
Suggesting that, universal picture films tend to be more stereotypical in order
for their audiences to apprehend the text. They usually do this by utilising
mis-en-scene. For example, the dominant stereotype of black youths being into
drugs and gangs is made apparent in the first scene of 'Straight Outta
Compton', automatically the audiences can expect violence, sex and other
dominant stereotypes. Universal pictures create those representations widely
associated with young African American males as: "representations often
make use of stereotypes because they are shorthand, a quick and easy way of
using information"[12]
as suggested by Medhurst, so universal picture audiences understand the text without
revealing too much.
Although the
representation of black people are fairly negative, it can be argued that
"Today dangerous classes include... young people who exhibit some degree
of independence from their elders direction and values"[13]suggesting
that the dominant views of young black individuals is far worse than the older
black generation. Furthermore due to them showing “some degree of independence
from their elders”[14]
which means they are not following the traditional norms and values set by
them, a binary opposition[15]
between the older and young generation is created (wise VS reckless. Levi
Strauss’s theory is evident in the opening of 'The Butler', due to the film
being in chronological order the disregard of youth is emphasised as the film
progresses. Similarly it is also shown throughout ‘Straight Outta Compton’, but
there is some level of difference between their young and older-selves.
The beginning of
this film is based on Cecil Gains past life. The opening is of his childhood
years with bright and vibrant colours which can suggests the ignorance at such
a young age, as the dramatic irony connotes he was being shielded from all the
racism and the violence that was occurring away from his mother's arms. However
as he approaches his teenage years the colour becomes darker, this low key
lighting suggests how overwhelmed he is to the realisation of this new cruel
world. With lighting below the face contrasting and distorting shadows are
formed, making the subject appear sinister. This supports the idea of young
people being a danger to society as they are presented as dangerous, further
emphasising Alvarado’s theory for the theme in racial representation being to
present black people as dangerous. As the constant close ups show his facial
expressions of anger and loneliness of being a second class citizen where he
believed the "law was us"[16].
The opening goes on to show the violence and recklessness associated with black
youths, as he breaks into a bakery. Once again the cinematography is used to
show the level of content. Longshots are used to display the fury in his body
language as he breaks in with some much force and power. As a result the
younger generation in ‘The Butler’
are presented as frantic and looking for trouble.
This is further
highlighted when Ceicles child joins extremist groups such 'The Black Panther',
a civil rights group which thought the only way to be heard is through violent
acts. These actions are shown as extreme due to the constant visit to a jail
house. Furthermore "unlike mature adults, young people are in the process
of discovering the world as they negotiate it"[17]
these representations of thoughtless decisions are associated with the younger
generation, as this film shows only young people acting violently, therefore
negatively representing the younger generation.
Similarly 'Straight
Outta compton' also in chronological order, the films progression also shows
character progression. The denotation shown is five young black individuals
acting violently and causing much rebellion and controversy with their music.
However the deeper meaning is having their voices heard as "popular
culture has become a crucial location for expressing their ideas and viewpoint
about the contradictory world they live in"[18]
as a result the reason for black youths representations being impulsive in
‘Straight Otta Compton’ is to create social change and to create awareness for
the young people in Compton who are abused by the police as they automatically
assume drugs and illegal activity, when they see a young black individual. The
most significant connotation for straight Outta Compton is this idea of social
change, therefore they need to rebel in order to have their issues addressed
for the young individuals who have no choice but to live in a risky drug and
gang infested areas.
However accuracy of
both ‘The Butler’ and ‘Straight Otta Compton’ is questioned, as there is
evidence to show the civil rights movements were not mostly concentrated by the
younger generation[19].
In addition research by psychologists suggests that the younger generation are
more likely to have impulsive actions than the older generation[20].
The negative representation of black youths in ‘The Butler’ can be justified as
a way to show the level of social change and America getting wiser along with
its people.
Their bold and
explicit gestures especially when they are performing 'F*** the police'
connotes the dominant stereotypes associated with African American youths. A
song to show the level of anger they have for the police. This is because the
level of police brutality they faced as young black individuals. Although this
film shows some level of change of the attitudes of the police, there still
issues today. A recent article by the guardian suggested that 102 young individuals
were wrongfully killed by police in the US so far this year. Local news reports
and Guardian reporting found that 32% of black people killed by police in the
US were unarmed[21].
Suggesting that although straight outta Compton is a historical drama and
people may think that America has changed its attitudes this is evident that it
hasn’t, ice cubes character said "our art is a reflection of our
reality" making it still relevant to today's society, and their film
indirectly is supposed to create awareness in addressing the this issue.
However some may
argue that police brutality in recent times may just be a moral panic, created
by an unjust accidental death of Eric Garner in 2014. Quickly an ‘I Can’t
Breath’ campaign[22]
was developed and more stories about police brutality started emerging. Similar
to the ‘I Can’t Breath’ campaign ‘Black Lives Matter’[23]
discusses violence against African Americans on a wider context, but recently
organize protests due to violence made by law enforcement officers.
N.W.A's facial expressions look intimidating/
dangerous. This is further emphasised by the low key lighting throughout their
performance. This suggests some of the reason the police are acting this way is
due to the way they present themselves "in the process creating problems
for the authorities that is supposed to keep them in check"[24].
This highlightsit is the youths lack of fear that is causing them to
continuously get in trouble by the authorities that are supposed to discipline
them. The mise-en-scene is also used to create suspicion from the audiences
perspective also, as the clothing they wear makes them look dodgy due to them
wearing nice clean expensive clothes despite coming from derived poverty areas.
As expected from a movie based on young black males there are allot of
references made to guns drugs and violence suggesting that although these
younger generation don't want to be associated with these things, they are
still involved in it.
The language used in
‘Straight Outta Compton’ is mostly slang and explicit we would associate with
young black individuals so reinforcing their stereotype, this can further
represents them as aggressive. The younger generations are being
represented as the turning point to social change, through their acts of
aggressiveness/ rebellion. This supports Perkins theory of not all stereotypes
being negative, but some stereotypes being used to create change. This can in
turn creating the representation of young people acting violently in order to
get what they think they deserve. These representations of violence drugs and
sex are mainly present in the black youths in America and these perceptions
remain permanent and automatically associate those actions with those youths. This
is emphasis by a recent article by the Guardian[25];
where a middle-age women though she was getting attacked when she saw a group
of black boys, showing that these fears of black people still exist.
In addition the
representations tend to be accurate although the aim of this film was to
justify those reasons for those representations in order to relax the harsh
representation of the black youth, due to the desire to show social change they
need to show corruption as a result showing a significant change when it does
occur. The main reason for the negative representation of those youth, was a
way of showing social change and America getting more successful with age.
However this representation is created as research suggests that the younger
generation are more likely to have impulsive actions than the older generation.
The aim of this film was to show how successful individuals can be if they had
a true aim.
The views and
ideologies of the dominant representation of young black men has become "slightly more
visible than perhaps they had at an earlier stage"[26]Antonio
Gramsci idea , of hegemony, which means that one's viewpoint becomes accepted
by the public opinions common sense, making it difficult for opposition groups
to make an effective challenge. This can be applied to the representations of
black youths, because the media views them negatively therefore the public
accepted those viewpoints making it difficult for them to be seen in a
different light. Many of the clearly racist images of past television and
cinema that are now being stressed in western screens can be easily explained
in hegemonic terms particularly in relation to colonialism and white supremacy.
The over representation of black individuals exist, but more on youths
rather than the older black individuals. Evidently in films about black youths,
being gang related, and hip hop rap music being dominated by black youths,
suggesting “they are
creating new cultures, strategy of resistance..."[27]
making them “more visible”[28].
This hegemonic society influences some parts of the community to be afraid, as
the opinions formulated are of those African American youths being dangerous
and a threat to society. The extent to which the increasing violence of black
youths described in the newspaper being a moral panic can be questioned
however. As some research shows that
crimes committed by young individuals as fallen in the last year[29]
suggesting that the obsession with black youths being violent may just be a
moral panic.
It can be
questioned whether black male filmmakers represent
black women more positively than their white male counterparts[30]. 'Straight Outta Compton'
which was produced by black film makers depicted women as sexual
objects, as most of the women were shown hovering over one guy
at clubs or walking around hotel rooms naked as rewards
for a man’s good performance, suggesting that women are just sex objects to
men. This can be explained by the idea of the male gaze, as presented by
Laura Mulvey, is the idea that the sexualisation of women is to please the
male audiences and to give them a sense of pleasure. Meanwhile McRobbie[31]
would argue that this is a way of women showing they are in control and they
are an empowerment. However as the film progresses to the
protagonists adult years, the black women start appearing more intelligent and
less of sexual objects[32],
as the women who appear in the second part of the film are lawyers or
wives of the protagonists, presenting them more positively; modest in attire
and more than a one night stand. Nevertheless Judus Butler[33]
would argue that these gender roles are just a performance people feel like
carrying out. Furthermore it can be concluded from this that there is a
difference between young women and older women or this abrupt change can show
the differences in the change in attitude towards women. Meanwhile the dominant
positive representation of women[34]
is still implemented; them being nurturing caring towards their children
and homemakers for their husband (providing a good environment for their
husband to come home to), this is emphasised in both these contemporary dramas.
This traditional view of women is more stressed
in ‘The Butler’ than the ‘straight Outta Compton’. Oprah Winfrey who plays the
protagonists wife, shows allot of traditional representation of women. She is
shown mostly in the kitchen or sewing clothes for her family. Although she’s a
strong activist for women’s right and changing the perception of women as she
believes ‘that excellence is the best deterrent to racism or sexism. And that's
how I operate my life[35]
suggesting that she’s is a role model and if women want things to change for
them they need to go out and seek it, which is completely different to the
representation of her character. Furthermore the binary opposition of males and
females are particularly highlighted in ‘The Butler’ this is evident in a scene
where a male character questions the political knowledge of a women character
and she replies “I aint up there sewing for you, all day”[36]
suggesting that women work from such binary opposition constructed by western
society where there is a difference to the knowledge and intellect a women is
allowed to know in comparison to a man.
In the early
years African Americans were confined to a certain stereotypical images, during
the first decade of the 20th century “many films depicted a
nostalgic and idealized vision of life in the antebellum South”[37].
With memories of the civil war still fresh, films such as ‘Birth Of A Nation’
(1915)[38]
was a way to reunite the north and the south “by glorifying the image of the
Old South”[39]
and African American characters were portrayed as “incompetent, child-like,
hyper-sexualized, and criminal[s]”[40].
This suggests that at these historical period films were used to create
segregation, and a way of white people of the south expressing their “fear of
miscegenation”[41].
‘Birth of a nation’ has popularised and reproduced predominant stereotypes as
it was the first film that references to black people. It can be argued that
‘Birth Of A Nation’ was the turning point for black people in American cinema
and the reason for stereotypes of black people being corrupt today. This film
demonstrates how the southerners perceived black people with power, because as
soon as they were given freedom the “Negro congresses were pictured drinking …
bare feet against their desks, lustfully ogling at white women in the balcony”[42],
supporting Alvarado’s theory of black people in cinema being dangerous and
reckless. As a result the white people had a right to act aggressively towards
black individuals in order to protect their women and land from becoming
ruined, so joining the KKK was thought of as a heroic deed to save the nation. Lastly
‘Birth Of ANation’ demonstrated a clear view of the treatment of black people
at that time, and is important in the clarity it demonstrates as it merely a
mirrors the values of America at that time and the level of racism is further
emphasised as it was honoured by having a screening at the white house[43].
These perceptions that were held by society created the zeitgeist at that time
on how racist America was in 1915 without realising they were racist at all.
The older black
generation in theory are presented less violent and aggressive in comparison to
the younger generation. Fanon would argue that this is a way of black people
wearing the ‘white mask’[44].
This is mostly evident in the dinner table scene[45]
in ‘The Butler’. Black people in Morden media are seen to be dysfunctional with
dysfunctional families as suggested by Alvarado[46],
and the fact that they are all sitting around the table and having dinner
contradicts that, and supports Fanons[47]
idea of the black people wearing the ‘white mask’. Furthermore a lot of contemporary historical
dramas on black people would support Alverado’s theory of black people being on
TV to be pitied, as most historical dramas show the mistreatment and racism
many African Americans went through in America.
This ‘Butler’
scene makes references to Sydney Poitier [48]
which is the first black man to enter the Hollywood entertainment industry,
which was highly white concentrated. However it could be argued that “Sydney
Poitier is a white man’s fantasy of what they [white people] want us [black
people] to be”[49]
emphasising Fanons idea of black people only being allowed on TV if they meet
the requirements of white people. However in some aspects Sydney Poitiere was
idolised by many black individual in 1960’s America, as he symbolised change
and integration between white and black individuals. During 1920 America, black
people had the “race genre”[50]
dedicated to black cinema, and shown in “few ‘colour only’ movie theatres
across the country at the time”[51].
This genre was defined as the ‘race genre’ by Oscar Micheaux[52]
a film director from the early 20th century who produced movie which
challenged racial segregation, and offered an alternative representation for
the races. As a result positive stereotypes were used in order to make the film
relatable to their black audiences, supporting Perkins[53]
idea of not all stereotypes being negative.
To conclude the
representation of black people in general is, first is the slave figure which
could take the form of, either the 'dependable loving, devoted
"Mammy" with the rolling eyes, or the faithful field hand… attached
and devoted to "his" master[54].
Connoting though out history and in film the dominate stereotype of attitude
and being the second class citizen still remains. However "black youths
have been the target of a fiercely determined social and political
backlash"[55]
suggesting the impacts these films are having on the way they are viewed upon
by society. Furthermore these negative representations have escalated and
transformed authoritative figures such as people with political power’s thought
on these African Americans having an effect on today’s social norm, and
according to the Marxist theory they control the norms. Although these
dominate stereotypes associated with these individuals are negative, in most
contemporary drams such as ‘Straight Outta Compton’; “most of America to want
to wear their shoes". So it can be argued, that these dominate ideologies
created are a way of introducing innovation and new ideas to society. As a
result the extent that these negative stereotypes actually having negative
impacts is questionable. As a result this essay expressed the extent to which
the representations differ, however not as explicitly as expected as they both had
stereotypes associated with them.
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http://www.academia.edu/385737/History_as_Drama_Drama_as_History_a_study_of_three_plays_as_windows_into_people_and_groups_in_the_Niger_Area
http://amherststudent.amherst.edu/?q=article/2015/10/14/straight-outta-conformity-what-makes-%E2%80%9Cstraight-outta-compton%E2%80%9D-speciabl
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=newssearch&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCQQqQIoADABahUKEwiVwpCF_8HIAhUKWRQKHSaRDAk&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhiphopdx.com%2Fnews%2Fid.35868%2Ftitle.jerry-heller-addresses-straight-outta-compton-inaccuracies-regarding-eazy-e&usg=AFQjCNGr570DU8hrs1u_YfVa_CSn2Wv13A
http://boom92houston.com/22147/mc-ren-addresses-straight-outta-compton-authenticityb/
http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=read&id=32745
Online
Magazines:
https://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/upload/5Morgan.pdf
http://mediummashup.com/representation-in-straight-outta-compton/
http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC41folder/UKracialDiscourse.html
http://media.edusites.co.uk/article/social-realism-case-study/
http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC28folder/NewBlackCinema.html
http://www.ejumpcut.org/currentissue/rodman-django/2.html
http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC09folder/HighschBlaxpltn.html
https://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/media-magazine/articles/16789
[2]"The
Postwar Period Through the1950s." U.S History InContex. Encyclopedia of
American Social History, 1993.
[3]Watkins,
S. Craig. Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema.
Chicago: U of Chicago, 1998. Print.
[4]The
Butler.Dir. Lee Daniels. The Weinstein Company, 2013. DVD.
[5]Straight
Outta Compton. Dir. F. Gary Gray. Universal Pictures, 2015.DVD.
[6] Roberts,
Roxanne; Amy Argetsinger (May 8, 2013). "Trailer for 'The Butler,' based
on life of the White House's Eugene Allen". The Washington Post. Retrieved
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[7] "STRAIGHT
OUTTA COMPTON (15)". British Board of Film Classification. August 11,
2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015
[8] "Distributor
report cards". Film Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
[9]
Hephaestus Books (2011) pg. 12 Articles on the Weinstein Company Films,
[11]Dyer,
Richard; McDonald, Paul (1998) [1979]. Stars (2nd ed.). London: British Film
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[12]Nelmes.J.(1996)
pg.237 An Introduction to Film Studies
[13]GordanD
, visualise the underclass representing danger
[14]
ibid
[15] Smith,
G. (1996). "Binary opposition and sexual power in Paradise Lost".
Midwest Quarterly 27 (4): 383.
[16]The
Butler film8:06
[17]Robin.D.G
Kelly (2002) p.g 64
[18] Watkins,
S. Craig. Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema.
Chicago: U of Chicago, 1998. Print.
[21]Swaine.J.
(2015)
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/01/black-americans-killed-by-police-analysis
[22] Kelly,
Dominic. "Michigan Cop Sells Shirt To Counter Eric Garner 'I Can't
Breathe' Campaign." 16 Dec. 2014. Web.
[23] Elizabeth
Day. "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement".
the Guardian. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
[24]
Bullstone and Harrision (1998) pg.54
[25] FARBEROV,
SNEJANA. "Police Claim Mother of Two Who Was Attacked by 'dozens of Black
Youths'
[26]
Hall S (2010) Pg122
[27]
Bullstone and Harrision (1998) pg.54
[28]
Ibid
[29]INIMAI
M. CHETTIAR FEB 11, 2015
[30]
African American Women and Sexuality in the Cinema, Norma Manatu/ pg.28
[31] McRobbie,
Angela. The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. 2009.
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[32]Mallan,
K. (2003). Youth cultures: Texts, images, and identities. Westport, Conn.:
Praeger
[33] Butler,
Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York:
Routledge, 1990. Print.
[35]Ramsdale,
Suzannah. "28 Empowering Quotes from Women Who Kick Ass." Web. .
[36]
The butler film 1:15:16
[37]"From
Blackface to Blaxploitation." Duke University Libraries. 30 July 2012.
Web.
[38]The
Birth of a Nation. D.W. Griffith, 1915. DVD
[39]
ibid
[40]
Ibid2
[41]Brook,
Tom. "The Birth Of A Nation: The Most Racist Film Ever Made?" Web. 6
Feb. 2016.
[42]Anderson,
J. (2009). Pg97
[43]Richard
Wormser. "BithOf A Nation." Jim Crow Stories. Educational
Broadcasting Corporation., 2002.
[44]Fanon,
F. (1969). Toward the African Revolution, (H. Chevalier, Trans.). New York:
Grove Press.
[45]
The Butler Film 1:30:03 – 1:45: 31
[46]Hsaunders6969.
"Alvarado Racial Stereotype Theory."Slideshare, 24 Apr. 2014.
Web.<http://www.slideshare.net/hsaunders6969/alvarado-racial-stereotypes-theory>.
[47]
ibid 41
[48]Beaver,
Jim. "Sidney Poitier Biography."IMDB. 2007. Web.
[49]
The Butler Film 1:45:03
[50]"From
Blackface to Blaxploitation." Duke University Libraries. 30 July 2012.
Web.
[51]
ibid 46
[52]Biography.com
Editors. "Oscar Micheaux." Bio.com. Web. 14 Apr. 2016.
[53]Bennett,
Peter, Jerry Slater, and Peter Wall. A2 Media Studies: The Essential
Introduction. London: Routledge, 2006. Print.
[54]Hall
S (1995) pg. 21http://www.theory.org.uk/ctr-rol6.htm
[55]
Wattkins s.g Craig (1998) pg. 52 representing hip hop culture
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